2024年4月2日 星期二

IEEE 1584-2018 電弧閃絡計算步驟 (二)

  Step 9 Calculate the incident energy

1.        確定盤體尺寸修正係數。

2.        如果系統電壓為 600V < Voc ≤ 15000V,則使用公式(6)、公式(7)和公式(8)找到中間值。 利用(10)(11)(12)求電弧能量的最終值。

3.        如果系統電壓為 208V ≤ Voc ≤ 600V,則使用公式(9)確定最終電弧能量。

求中間值

(6)

(7)

         (8)

(9)

 where

E600 is the incident energy at Voc = 600 V (J/cm2)

E2700 is the incident energy at Voc = 2700 V (J/cm2)

E14300 is the incident energy at Voc = 14 300 V (J/cm2)

E≤600 is the incident energy for Voc ≤ 600 V (J/cm2)

T the arc duration (ms)

Gthe gap distance between conductors (electrodes) (mm)

Iarc_600 the rms arcing current for 600 V (kA)

Iarc_2700 the rms arcing current for 2700 V (kA)

Iarc_14300 the rms arcing current for 14 300 V (kA)

Iarcrms arcing current for Voc ≤ 600 V [using Equation (25)] (kA)

Ibf bolted fault current for three-phase faults (symmetrical rms) (kA)

D the distance between electrodes and calorimeters (working distance) (mm)

CF correction factor for enclosure size (CF = 1 for VOA and HOA confi.)

lg log10

k1to k13 the coefficients provided in Table 4, Table 5, and Table 6.

Table 4 Coefficients for Equation (6), Equation (9), Equation (13), and Equation (16)


Table 5 Coefficients for Equation (7), Equation (14)

Table 6 Coefficients for Equation (8), Equation (15)

求最終值 (600 V < Voc ≤ 15000 V)

                  (10)                (11)                  (12)

 where

E1 the first E interpolation term between 600 V and 2700 V (J/cm2)

E2 the second E interpolation term used when Voc is > 2700 V (J/cm2)

E3 the third E interpolation term used when Voc is < 2700 V (J/cm2)

When 0.600 < Voc ≤ 2.7, the final values of incident energy is given as follows

E = E3

When Voc > 2.7, the final values of incident energy is given as follows

E = E2

求最終值 (Voc ≤ 600 V)

電弧能量如下

E = E≤600

where

E≤600 the incident energy for Voc ≤ 600 V determined using Equation (9) solved            using the arc current determined from Equation (1) and Equation (5) (J/cm2)

E the final incident energy at specified Voc (J/cm2)

Step 10 決定所有設備的電弧保護界線

1.    確定盤體尺寸修正係數

2.    如果系統電壓為 600V < Voc ≤ 15000V,則使用公式(13)、(14)及(15)來找出中     間值。 利用公式(17)(18)(19)電弧保護界線的最終值。

3.    如果系統電壓為 208V ≤ Voc ≤ 600V,則使用公式(16)確定最終的電弧保護界線

求中間值

(14)

 

(15)



where

AFB600 the arc-flash boundary for Voc = 600 V (mm)

AFB2700 the arc-flash boundary for Voc = 2700 V (mm)

AFB14300 the arc-flash boundary for Voc = 14 300 V (mm)

AFB600 the arc-flash boundary for Voc ≤ 600 V (mm)

G the gap between electrodes (mm)

Iarc_600 the rms arcing current for 600 V (kA)

Iarc_2700 the rms arcing current for 2700 V (kA)

Iarc_14300 the rms arcing current for 14 300 V (kA)

Iarc the rms arcing current for Voc ≤ 600 V [obtained using Equation (5)] (kA)

Ibf the bolted fault current for three-phase faults (symmetrical rms) (kA)

CFthe correction factor for enclosure size (CF=1 for VOA and HOA                                configurations)

Tthe arc duration (ms)

lg log10

k1 to k13 are the coefficients provided in Table 4, Table 5, and Table 6.

求最終值 (600 V < Voc ≤ 15000 V)

      (17)                                

       (18)

       (19)

 where

AFB1 the first AFB interpolation term between 600 V and 2700 V (mm)

AFB2 the second AFB interpolation term used when Voc is > 2700 V (mm)

AFB3 the third AFB interpolation term used when Voc is < 2700 V (mm)

When 0.600 < Voc ≤ 2.7, the final values of arc-flash boundary are as follows

AFB = AFB3

When Voc > 2.7, the final values of arc-flash boundary are given as follows

AFB = AFB2

求最終值 (Voc ≤ 600 V)

電弧保護界線如下

AFB = AFB≤600

where

AFB600arc-flash boundary for Voc ≤ 600V determined using Equation(16) solved using the arc current determined from Equation (1) and Equation (5) (mm)

AFBthe final arc-flash boundary at specified Voc (mm)

Step 11 決定二次電弧電流

必須考慮電弧電流的變化,減少的電弧電流重複步驟 8、步驟 9 和步驟 10。其獲得的電弧能量和電弧保護界限之結果可能不同。 最終電弧能量或電弧保護界限是兩個計算值中較高的一個

(20)

 where

VarCf the arcing current variation correction factor

Iarcthe final or intermediate rms arcing current(s) (kA) (see note)

Iarc_min a second rms arcing current reduced based on the variation correction factor (kA)

Voc the open-circuit voltage between 0.208 kV and 15.0 kV

k1 to  k7 the coefficients provided in Table 7

Table 7 Coefficients for Equation (20)


NOTE—The correction factor (1 – (0.5 × VarCf)) is applied as follows

 208 V ≤ Voc ≤ 600 V To Iarc (final current only)

 600 V < Voc ≤ 15000 V To Iarc_600, Iarc_2700, and Iarc_14300 (intermediate average arcing currents). The final Iarc value inherits the correction factor.

“0.5”係數表示應用平均電弧電流變化以求得電弧電流下限值。


IEEE 1584-2018 電弧閃絡計算步驟 (一)

IEEE 1584-20182002年版的電弧閃絡計算公式,一樣都是在實驗室內改變各項參數以實驗所得數據推導歸納成數學計算公式,最新的2018年版比2002年版試驗的次數更多,所以,取得更詳盡的數據,推導出的公式也更為嚴謹, 顯然,必須依賴軟體程式才能節省時間及避免人為冗繁計算可能的錯誤。

IEEE 1584-2018執行電弧閃絡邊界 (AFB) 和電弧能量 (IE) 的計算共有11 個步驟,與2002年版之9個步驟略有差異,如下所示。

步驟 1:收集系統設備的參數

    除了市電電源、發電機、變壓器、電動機和電纜等各項設備參數,還需包考慮各配電盤的尺寸大小。

驟 2:確定系統運作模式

    以一般簡單的輻射是配電系統架構通常考慮一種操作模式。

 步驟 3:決定直接短路故障電流

 步驟 4:確定典型間隙和外殼尺寸

    導體之間的典型間隙如表 1 所示,並提供了有關每個電壓等級所用外殼尺寸的資料。

Table 1 Classes of equipment and typical bus gaps

Equipment class

Typical bus

Gaps (mm)

Enclosure Size (H × W × D)

SI units (metric)

15 kV switchgear

152

1143 × 762 × 762 mm

15 kV MCC

152

914.4  × 914.4  × 914.4 mm

5 kV switchgear

104

914.4  × 914.4  × 914.4 mm

5 kV switchgear

104

1143  × 762  × 762 mm

5 kV MCC

104

660.4  × 660.4  × 660.4 mm

Low-voltage switchgear

32

508  × 508  × 508 mm

Shallow low-voltage

MCCs and panel boards

25

355.6  × 304.8mm  × ≤203.2 mm

Deep low-voltage MCCs

and panel boards

25

355.6  × 304.8mm  × >203.2 mm

Cable junction box

13

355.6  × 304.8 mm × ≤203.2 mm  or

355.6  × 304.8 mm × >203.2 mm

 

Step 5 決定電極配置

根據其在電弧能量模型,電極配置之定義如下:

— VCB Vertical conductors/electrodes inside a metal box/enclosure

— VCBB Vertical conductors/electrodes terminated in an insulating barrier inside                            metal box/enclosure

— HCB Horizontal conductors/electrodes inside a metal box/enclosure

— VOA Vertical conductors/electrodes in open air

— HOA Horizontal conductors/electrodes in open air

Step 6 決定工作距離

根據設備類別,典型工作距離如表 2 所示。

Table 2 Classes of equipment and typical working distances

Equipment class

Working distance (mm)

15 kV switchgear

914.4

15 kV MCC

914.4

5 kV switchgear

914.4

5 kV MCC

914.4

Low-voltage switchgear

609.6

Shallow low-voltage MCCs and panelboards

457.2

Deep low-voltage MCCs and panelboards

457.2

Cable junction box

457.2

 

Step 7 決定電弧故障電流

1. 確定電極配置。

2. 若系統電壓為 600V < Voc ≤ 15 000V,則使用公式(1)找出 600V2700V 14300V 處的中間值。然後以公式(2)、公式(3)、公式(4)求出電弧電流的最終值。

3. 若系統電壓為 208V ≤ Voc ≤ 600V,則使用公式(1)找出中間值(含 600V),然後以公式(5)找出最終值。

公式如下:

 求中間值(1)


where

bf the bolted fault current for three-phase faults (symmetrical rms) (kA)

arc_600 the average rms arcing current at Voc = 600 V (kA)

arc_2700 the average rms arcing current at Voc = 2700 V (kA)

arc_14300 the average rms arcing current at Voc =14 300 V (kA)

G the gap distance between electrodes (mm)

k1 to k10 are the coefficients provided in Table 3

lg log10

Table 3—Coefficients for Equation (1)



求最終值 (600 V < Voc ≤ 15000 V)       (2)

 (3)                     (4)

 where

arc_1 the first I arc interpolation term between 600 V and 2700 V (kA)

arc_2 the second I arc interpolation term used when Voc > 2700 V (kA)

I arc_3 the third I arc interpolation term used when Voc is < 2700 V (kA)

Voc the open-circuit voltage (system voltage) (kV)

When 0.600 < Voc ≤ 2.7, the final value of arcing current is given as follows

I arc = I arc_3

When Voc > 2.7, the final value of arcing current is given as follows

arc = I arc_2

求最終值 (Voc ≤ 600 V)

                    (5)

where

Vocthe open-circuit voltage (kV)

Ibf the bolted fault current for three-phase faults (symmetrical rms) (kA)

Iarc the final rms arcing current at the specified Voc (kA)

Iarc_600 the rms arcing current at Voc=600 V found using Equation (1) (kA)

Step 8 決定電弧持續時間

電弧持續時間通常取決於延時過電流保護裝置的動作時間。